Introduction To Forensic Science

Introduction To Forensic ScienceOver the past decades, Forensic science has evolved and has been embraced by virtually states as a critical constituent of modern legal practice. It is widely utilize in courts as a major source for the outcome of a verdict. Forensic science has come through a merit of its induce although it is relatively new in the jurisprudence world. As technology and science have evolved with time, to a greater extent and new methodologies and practices in justness realm have been established. In United States (U.S.) specifically, the application of utilizing forensic analysis has become a routine (James,2009).The rate at which forensic evidence is used in criminal courts depends on the type of offence. For example, for murder cases forensic science evidence is presented almost always. In criminal cases, a prosecution team commissions most of the forensic assignments. On the other hand, the legal team of the defendant can commission forensic assignments to ch allenge or check the prosecutions forensic evidence or to determine the innocence of the defendant.Forensic evidence has enabled to link offenders to their victims and crime scenes using physical evidence and also in seeing individuals without peer. With perspiration, a fleck of blood, saliva on a cups rim, a piece of hair among others has been successfully used to link a suspect to a crime. Innocent and wrongly accused individuals have been cle bed using such evidences. Persons who have been jailed for years have later been vindicated after deoxyribonucleic acid analysis has been carried out to prove their innocence.To yield controlling results, crime laboratories have enforced professionalism, adopted reliable procedures and coordinated with both the legal and the scientific communities. Presently, for a scientific system to be accepted before a court, the evidence derived from it does not have to go through a prescribed test. For future admissibility of scientific evidence in court to be shaped, breeding of more newer and advanced forensic tools and techniques is being embraced as technology and time progresses. Thus, courts are increasingly relying more on scientific evidence to deliver a judgment.Problems Associated with Forensic Science and deoxyribonucleic acid Evidence.Evidences of forensic science should always be neutral. Scientists should not have any stake in the case outcome though this is not always the case. Numerous deficiencies have threatened to limit forensic services to the society and have therefore weakened its presumed scientific foundation. Below are some of the major problems in forensic science and desoxyribonucleic acid examenAstounding Frequency of Cross-Contamination and Sample Mix-UpsA surprisingly high rate of errors in the laboratory is one of the emerging problems which involves cross-contamination and mix-up of desoxyribonucleic acid samples. Such errors appear to be persistent and crop up even in the accredited DNA l abs. The forensic scientists though have managed to reduce such instances and thus the rate of DNA testing errors have been claimed to be low thus negligible, but ripening evidence suggests otherwise.Bad LaboratoriesUneven state of forensic DNA labs is another recognized chronic problem. Labs differ significantly in the care with which they authenticate their methods and the severity with which they are carried out. Procedures that are followed religiously in quality assurance and quality control in some laboratories are disregarded or followed constantly in others. Bad laboratories have always been there but detection of their shoddy work has always been complex (Neubauer, 2009),. This is because such labs are in jurisdictions which have traditionally safeguarded crime labs from external examination. For example according to Strutin It is now recognized that the Houston Police Department (HPD) Crime laboratory did grossly inadequate incompetent and biased DNA and serology work fo r well over a decade before a team of television journalists exposed the problems in late 2002.Dishonest DNA Analysts adjudicate results are at times falsified by deceitful DNA Analysts. This emerging problem has led to the analysts faking test outcome to cover up errors that come up from sample mix-ups and cross-contamination of DNA samples.Connecting the evidence and the suspectNuclear DNA analysis being an exception, there is no other forensic method that has severely shown the capability to persistently, with a high degree of assurance, exhibit a connection between a specific individual or source and the evidence. For instance, fingerprint analyses have more available research and conventional protocols than for bite marks analysis. There are also notable variations within the disciplines. For instance, all fingerprints evidence is not equally right reason being that the determination of a true value evidence is the latent fingerprint image quality. These disparities within an d between the forensic systems disciplines bring to unobjectionable a serious problem in the forensic community.Inadequate legal counsel is another major problem DNA testing ordain not solve. In some instances, defense counsel never consulted scientific experts.DNA Analysis in the forensic science is taking a slow whet on its road to admissibility. Insufficient funds are evident in certain jurisdictions and they therefore cannot send evidence items to private labs or establish own lab. Labs that perform tests have often had backlogs measured in months. A great burden is imposed by defense counsel, prosecutors and courts on labs time in discovery battles that often transpire when there are upcoming new techniques on forensic scenes.Though valuable forensic DNA evidence can be found in decades old samples, the DNA left in scenes of crime can be affected by factors like sunlight, bacteria, moisture and heat among others. As a result, such DNA may not be used to give evidence and jus t like the fingerprints, analysts will not use DNA testing to give the time period when a suspect was at the scene of crime or at what time the suspect was there.Exoneration base on DNA EvidenceCases that would have been impossible to prosecute before the arrival of DNA typing are now prosecuted. A number of states created DNA data bases on offenders that are known which they compare against unsettled crimes. Matches are provided from their databases which assist to successfully prosecute a handful of them.Persons wrongly convicted are exonerated by use of DNA which is termed as a legislative reform movement. Convictions can be successfully challenged using DNA analysis on real evidence. To ensure that testimony and results can withstand rigorous examination and that they are of high caliber, high standards are maintained for the collection and preserving of evidence. DNA methodology of testing must also meet precise scientific criteria for accuracy and reliability.In future, we e xpect miniaturized portable instrumentation to provide crime scene analysis that will be computer-link remote analysis. This will allow quick identification and rapid elimination of innocent suspects. Availability of markers will also be needed to identify physical qualities of the DNA contributor. Using this study, it will be easy to narrow a suspect search with increase in efficiency and accuracy of operation. purposeIt is clear that the United States justice system depends on the use of natural science-based forensic evidence, and admissibility is simply one of the steps evidence must satisfy to be utilized in the justice system. In the near future, it is very likely that the admissibility of science as evidence will be challenged in the United States unconditional Court as technology develops and allows researchers to gain precise results and understanding of the human body. At the present, it is too early to determine whether the Federal Rules of Evidence are outdated, as ye t this does not mean that the construct of the legislation should not be reexamined. Forensic analysis, though controversial in many aspects, constitutes a primary source of information for the tier of fact when determining a verdict for a case. Thus, natural science-based forensic evidence should be carefully studied and examined thoroughly in mark for justice to be properly achieved.