Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks EssayStarbucks is a premium coffee wholesaler which has strayed from its original service of coffee. The advent of newer technology has diminished the Starbucks experience. Howard Schultz, Starbucks chairmen, displace a memo on February 14, 2007 addressing this problem to the president and chief executive officer of Starbucks, Jim Donald. In the memo, Schultz voiced his opinion on how the rapid expansion of Starbucks is create him to revaluate the companys values between how it operated when it began and where it is heading in the future. Starbucks isnt the same neighborhood store as it was when it was established and no longer shows the irritation for coffee that they had in the beginning. I have said for 20 years that our success is not an entitlement and now its proving to be a reality. Lets be smarter about how we argon spending our time, m unitaryy and resources. Lets get back to the core (Schultz). Along with its expansion, Starbucks has been trying to utilize new technologies to improve the product they sell to consumers.Starbucks changed their espresso machines from manual to automatic to speed up service and efficiency. These machines blocked the visual sight line the customer previously had to watch the drink being made, and for the intimate experience with the barista (Schultz). People no longer have that intimate connection with the people making their coffee, or to the finished product. The employees are also more disassociated from their work because of these new machines that speed up production.Starbucks also incorporated flavor-locked packaging to supply the demand for fresh roasted coffee. This is a great service to the customer because it keeps coffee grounds or beans unspoiled longer, yet the effectiveness of the flavor-locked bags contributed to the loss of aroma, perhaps the most powerful non-verbal signal, in Starbucks (Schultz). The romance of Starbucks is lost with these improvements and the unforgettable s cent is lessened along with its heritage.Starbucks is excuse a coffee-loving company, and consumers are still receiving the coffee delicacies they want, but at what cost to tradition. https//sites. google. com/site/hollymadalyn/writing/Starbucks-Research-paper SYNOPSIS Starbucks Corporation, originally founded in 1971, but purchased by Howard Schultz in 1987, is the market leader in selling gourmet coffee (Starbucks, 2008). Starbucks main objective is to establish itself as the most respected and recognized coffee strike out in the world (Fact Sheet, 2008).Starbucks has accomplished this objective and experienced much success through their competitive strategy of clustering several stores within the same connection and through their distinctive competencies of roasting and selling the quality coffee while providing high quality customer service. The question is, can Starbucks continue their market donation growth with rising competitors? Should they focus more on their internati onal operations? Can they continually reinvent themselves to maintain their strong brand image in the long run? PROBLEMS. Overall economic downturn can affect Starbucks market share if management neglects to address competitors strategies with lower priced offerings as consumers are comme il faut more conservative in spending their discretionary income. Loss of identity and authenticity focused upon the foundational Starbucks experience, which, if unaddressed by management, can result in displease customers, loss of sales, and decreased market share. Considering the economy and increasing domestic competition within the U. S. , Starbucks must address their less profitable international operations.SWOT ANALYSIS1 diligence EVALUATION In the past two decades, the coffee industry has experienced a significant increase in the demand for premium coffee. Today, about one in five Americans drinks some type of espresso-based coffee drink each day. The bonnie yearly coffee consumption pe r capita in the U. S. is around 4. 4Kg. Among these coffee drinkers, the average consumption is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day, with men drinking approximately 1. 9 cups per day, and women drinking an average of 1. 4 cups per day (Coffee Research continues.

Introduction To Forensic Science

Introduction To Forensic ScienceOver the past decades, Forensic science has evolved and has been embraced by virtually states as a critical constituent of modern legal practice. It is widely utilize in courts as a major source for the outcome of a verdict. Forensic science has come through a merit of its induce although it is relatively new in the jurisprudence world. As technology and science have evolved with time, to a greater extent and new methodologies and practices in justness realm have been established. In United States (U.S.) specifically, the application of utilizing forensic analysis has become a routine (James,2009).The rate at which forensic evidence is used in criminal courts depends on the type of offence. For example, for murder cases forensic science evidence is presented almost always. In criminal cases, a prosecution team commissions most of the forensic assignments. On the other hand, the legal team of the defendant can commission forensic assignments to ch allenge or check the prosecutions forensic evidence or to determine the innocence of the defendant.Forensic evidence has enabled to link offenders to their victims and crime scenes using physical evidence and also in seeing individuals without peer. With perspiration, a fleck of blood, saliva on a cups rim, a piece of hair among others has been successfully used to link a suspect to a crime. Innocent and wrongly accused individuals have been cle bed using such evidences. Persons who have been jailed for years have later been vindicated after deoxyribonucleic acid analysis has been carried out to prove their innocence.To yield controlling results, crime laboratories have enforced professionalism, adopted reliable procedures and coordinated with both the legal and the scientific communities. Presently, for a scientific system to be accepted before a court, the evidence derived from it does not have to go through a prescribed test. For future admissibility of scientific evidence in court to be shaped, breeding of more newer and advanced forensic tools and techniques is being embraced as technology and time progresses. Thus, courts are increasingly relying more on scientific evidence to deliver a judgment.Problems Associated with Forensic Science and deoxyribonucleic acid Evidence.Evidences of forensic science should always be neutral. Scientists should not have any stake in the case outcome though this is not always the case. Numerous deficiencies have threatened to limit forensic services to the society and have therefore weakened its presumed scientific foundation. Below are some of the major problems in forensic science and desoxyribonucleic acid examenAstounding Frequency of Cross-Contamination and Sample Mix-UpsA surprisingly high rate of errors in the laboratory is one of the emerging problems which involves cross-contamination and mix-up of desoxyribonucleic acid samples. Such errors appear to be persistent and crop up even in the accredited DNA l abs. The forensic scientists though have managed to reduce such instances and thus the rate of DNA testing errors have been claimed to be low thus negligible, but ripening evidence suggests otherwise.Bad LaboratoriesUneven state of forensic DNA labs is another recognized chronic problem. Labs differ significantly in the care with which they authenticate their methods and the severity with which they are carried out. Procedures that are followed religiously in quality assurance and quality control in some laboratories are disregarded or followed constantly in others. Bad laboratories have always been there but detection of their shoddy work has always been complex (Neubauer, 2009),. This is because such labs are in jurisdictions which have traditionally safeguarded crime labs from external examination. For example according to Strutin It is now recognized that the Houston Police Department (HPD) Crime laboratory did grossly inadequate incompetent and biased DNA and serology work fo r well over a decade before a team of television journalists exposed the problems in late 2002.Dishonest DNA Analysts adjudicate results are at times falsified by deceitful DNA Analysts. This emerging problem has led to the analysts faking test outcome to cover up errors that come up from sample mix-ups and cross-contamination of DNA samples.Connecting the evidence and the suspectNuclear DNA analysis being an exception, there is no other forensic method that has severely shown the capability to persistently, with a high degree of assurance, exhibit a connection between a specific individual or source and the evidence. For instance, fingerprint analyses have more available research and conventional protocols than for bite marks analysis. There are also notable variations within the disciplines. For instance, all fingerprints evidence is not equally right reason being that the determination of a true value evidence is the latent fingerprint image quality. These disparities within an d between the forensic systems disciplines bring to unobjectionable a serious problem in the forensic community.Inadequate legal counsel is another major problem DNA testing ordain not solve. In some instances, defense counsel never consulted scientific experts.DNA Analysis in the forensic science is taking a slow whet on its road to admissibility. Insufficient funds are evident in certain jurisdictions and they therefore cannot send evidence items to private labs or establish own lab. Labs that perform tests have often had backlogs measured in months. A great burden is imposed by defense counsel, prosecutors and courts on labs time in discovery battles that often transpire when there are upcoming new techniques on forensic scenes.Though valuable forensic DNA evidence can be found in decades old samples, the DNA left in scenes of crime can be affected by factors like sunlight, bacteria, moisture and heat among others. As a result, such DNA may not be used to give evidence and jus t like the fingerprints, analysts will not use DNA testing to give the time period when a suspect was at the scene of crime or at what time the suspect was there.Exoneration base on DNA EvidenceCases that would have been impossible to prosecute before the arrival of DNA typing are now prosecuted. A number of states created DNA data bases on offenders that are known which they compare against unsettled crimes. Matches are provided from their databases which assist to successfully prosecute a handful of them.Persons wrongly convicted are exonerated by use of DNA which is termed as a legislative reform movement. Convictions can be successfully challenged using DNA analysis on real evidence. To ensure that testimony and results can withstand rigorous examination and that they are of high caliber, high standards are maintained for the collection and preserving of evidence. DNA methodology of testing must also meet precise scientific criteria for accuracy and reliability.In future, we e xpect miniaturized portable instrumentation to provide crime scene analysis that will be computer-link remote analysis. This will allow quick identification and rapid elimination of innocent suspects. Availability of markers will also be needed to identify physical qualities of the DNA contributor. Using this study, it will be easy to narrow a suspect search with increase in efficiency and accuracy of operation. purposeIt is clear that the United States justice system depends on the use of natural science-based forensic evidence, and admissibility is simply one of the steps evidence must satisfy to be utilized in the justice system. In the near future, it is very likely that the admissibility of science as evidence will be challenged in the United States unconditional Court as technology develops and allows researchers to gain precise results and understanding of the human body. At the present, it is too early to determine whether the Federal Rules of Evidence are outdated, as ye t this does not mean that the construct of the legislation should not be reexamined. Forensic analysis, though controversial in many aspects, constitutes a primary source of information for the tier of fact when determining a verdict for a case. Thus, natural science-based forensic evidence should be carefully studied and examined thoroughly in mark for justice to be properly achieved.

impacts of the War on Terror on the Policing of US Borders

impacts of the War on Terror on the Policing of US BordersSome nations need to be more vigilant against terrorism at their leewaylines if they deficiency their relationship with the U.S. to remain the same (Former Secretary of State Colin Powell, September 20th 2001). With reference to this groundment, critically examine the impacts of the war on terror on the policing of the contacts of the coupled States of AmericaIntroductionThe 9/11 attacks and subsequent feelings they produced bear many similarities to the Pearl Harbour attacks of 1941 with respect to national identity and patriotism. With both events, the matter of immigration became a prominent issue, especially when considering the consult in America relating to the enemy within (Schildkraut, 2002). These concerns manifested themselves in ring mail 9/11 discussions on how best to natural law the butts of the US. Statements such as, our enemies are hiding in open and available information, (Accenture, cited in Keste lyn, 2002 8) led to calls for greater levels of surveillance, profiling and warranter, all of which take for well increased ext arrest 9/11. The result has been the rapid expansion of the homeland security market both on American soil and overseas (Amoore, 2006).Rana and Rosas (20062) highlight, the mobilisation of the amorphous category of terror, construction of enemy combatants and the collapsing of terrorists with immigrants, in creating a re parvenued fear around borders and illegal immigrants. The scope of the war on terror was expanded in America, where once the threat was considered to be those of Arab, Middle Eastern and Muslim descent, it now spread to include migrants crossing the borders of Canada and Mexico into the US. While Canada has received criticisms from US government officials relating to their border control policies, the focus of this paper will be on the US-Mexico border and in particular the border wall. The identify 9/11 expansion of security manifest ed itself in large parts around the US-Mexico border, culminating in the signing of the Secure Fence bend in 2006 by then President George W. Bush and so allowing for 700 miles of somatogenic barriers to be built along the border.This essay will take the title evidencement from Colin Powell and discuss how America has become more vigilant post 9/11 and observe the impacts. In addition, while reviewing the range of new measures enacted at the US-Mexico border, this paper will centre on displaying how these measures have been justified by those putting them in place. During these discussions the terms post 9/11 and war on terror shall be used interchangeably as both typify the period of time after the terrorist attacks.History of the BorderIt is important to note that while border control has long been a primary function of the offer, it has been substantially heightened in the wake of 9/11 and the ensuing war on terror (Andreas, 2003). This has been exemplified by The US VISIT programme, run by consulting company Accenture who have created a virtual border. This system allows the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to view, regulate and manage the lives of potential visitors (Amoore, 2006), thus preventing any potential threats from coming into contact with US soil (Accenture, 2004). This practice of surveillance and governing multiple aspects of peoples daily lives is a vital component of biometric borders that when all brought together provide a set of unique physical characteristics that can be used to identify you (UK Border Agency, 2013).Given the proposed advantages of surveillance, it comes as no surprise that the US, like most forward-looking countries, moved into an age of biopower in which the state regulates its subjects through, an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations (Foucault, 1976140). Biopower has roughwhat signalled the delocalisation of the border in that border functions have been separated from the physical border itself (Bico, 2002 Salter, 2004). However, the US-Mexico border post 9/11 illustrates a clear display of sovereign power with increased ne twainrks of disciplinary and military institutions at the existing border acting outside and above the normal law (Nail, 2013). The idea of being above the law and exhibiting high visibleness displays of promote at the border is addressed in the subsequent section discussing the state of exception with consideration to the unique nature of the US-Mexico border.The State of ExceptionThe events of 9/11 led to the US government declaring a state of emergency, a period in which policing powers are expanded. Philosopher Giorgio Agamben sees this as enabling the US government to create a state of exception, a legal measure that precludes normative laws (Agamben, 2004). This approach allows for constituents to be declared as homo sacer, the act of taking away basic civil and human rights from the individual. Accentures virtual border and the enhanced powers of the DHS illustrate Agambens view in that by providing biometric information required for the US-VISIT you are being stripped to a state of bare life. Agambens work around homo sacer, the idea he refers to as bare life (1998, 2000, 2005), has led to a fleck of scholars applying his work to post 9/11 events such as the new security methods applied at the US borders and the shameful actions documented Guantanamo Bay (Butler, 2004, Zizek, 2002, 2004).Undoubtedly, the creation of a state of exception increased calls for tougher border security and led to the implementation of a new 700 mile US-Mexico border wall and a rise in the number Border Patrol agents from 11,156 in 2005 to 20,119 in 2011 (Correa, 2013). While it has been resisted by many of those living along its path (Haddal et al, 2009), the DHS was able to use their considerable power to move, with force if necessary, those who opposed it. Correa (2013) collected data from residents in Cameron County, Texas, who had lost parts of their land or been forced to move with the implementation of the barrier. Resident Debra Langley described her mixed feelings in being forced to lose a substantial part of her farm due to the new border wall. While not wanting to move, Debra classified herself as a patriot and referred back to the days after 9/11 where George W. Bush said Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists (Bush, 2001). This vista has allowed for the DHS to implement many of their expansive border measures such as drones, watchtowers and sensors with limited opposition as people are unwilling to question immigration and border policies for fear of coming across as unpatriotic.Considering the creation of a state of exception and limited opposition to tougher border policing it comes as little surprise that the endanger Species Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environment Policy among other environmental laws wer e waived in favour of constructing the 700 mile fence (Bartholemew, 2008 Correa, 2013). DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff came under a number of criticisms for his position in the implementation of the border wall with The New York sentences (2008) saying To the long list of things the Bush administration is willing to grouch in its rush to appease immigration hard-liners, you can now add dozens of important environmental laws and hundreds of thousands of acres of fragile habitat on the gray border. The environment has been so adversely affected by the physical barrier of the border wall yet it took until 2009 for the US government to act in onerous to asses and restore the damage that has been caused. In criminalising the entire border area, nature was seen simply as part of the border and thus included in the criminalisation serve well (Nial, 2013). Even with laws being in place and the expected criticisms arriving from pro environmental sections of society, the government stil l had enough support to move forward with their projects. Collier (Collier, in Correa, 2013) sees the depiction of Mexican immigrants as a threat to the nation by the state and DHS as providing one of the main justifications for the barrier. Equally important is the role of politicians spring on the immigration bandwagon in their attempts to garner votes during election periods post 9/11 (Correa, 2013) both notions shall be discussed in the remainder of this essay.PoliticiansUS politicians quickly recognise the importance of supporting enhanced security in combatting the war on terror. The focus of attention swiftly turned to the border wall post 9/11 with its effectiveness coming under increased scrutiny. With George W Bush signing the 2006 Secure Fence Act, the impetus was placed on President Obama to bond suit in 2012 Obama spent $11.7 billion on the wall to secure a number of areas considered at risk (Dwoskin, 2013). The official reason provided by the DHS for construction t he US Mexico border wall at a cost of $49 billion (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2009) was to stop unwanted migration. However, records since its construction display no conclusive reduction in illegal migration, while in contrast, migrant deaths, incarceration and excessive costs have quick increased. Nail (2013113) describes the barrier as a wall that was built to stop illegal migration, and has objectively failed to do so, yet continues to receive funding and political support regardless. While the potential backlash of scaling back the wall discourages many politicians from criticising it, providing support for greater security measures rarely sees a backlash from politicians or the general public. A method of justification discussed previously was depicting Mexican immigrants the greatest threat to America, we shall now discuss how this has developed post 9/11.MigrantsThe rhetoric of some politicians has undeniably resulted in some US citizens xenophobic fears of Mus lims shifting towards the US-Mexico border, as it is presented as the new biggest terrorist threat to America (Correa, 2013). The Californian Congress representative Duncan Hunter and Senator John Cornyn provide two examples of high profile politicians calling for greater surveillance and military presence at the border citing terrorism as their rationale (Benett, 2005 Eaton, 2010). This portrayal of the US-Mexico border as a hub of international terrorism allows for the continued justification of militarising border components in order to protect America (Inda, 2006). Although illegal immigrants have been classified as new security threats (Andreas, 2003), it is incorrect to believe that viewing them as national security concerns is a new phenomenon (Adamson, 2006). Long before 9/11, migration had been a focus of concern for America going back to the Cold War when borders began to be far more closely scrutinised. This scrutiny rose significantly post 9/11 with a prominent reason b eing that securing and maintaining your border are, arguably necessary preconditions for the maintenance of state security in other areas (Adamson, 2006176).While it was thought that the end of the Cold War would signal a reduction in militarised borders (Mearsheimer, 1990), this has not been the case with the US Mexico border post 9/11 where in order to secure and maintain the border, we have seen a spike in amount of military apparatus used as a method of policing. on board this, there has been the merging of predominantly geopolitical intelligence work and domestic law enforcement work with the Pentagon taking a far more active role in matters of border enforcement (Andreas, 2003). This has resulted in surveillance of immigrants within the US increasing, especially since discourse on the enemy within has risen. Interior policing has also expanded rapidly with 359,000 internal removals made in 2008, up from 180,000 in 2001 (Coleman, 2007). While this would appear to signal more is being done, we can look the role of privy companies in operating the US Mexico border and see this simply as the circulation of illegal immigrants. Politicians classify the border and especially the border wall as being in place to stop illegal migration yet the US government has hired private companies to secure the border. Boeing Corporation, G4S and Wackenhut are three such companies, all of whom, as private companies aim to generate the greatest amount of profit and thus not necessarily stop all illegal migration which would destroy their market (Nial, 2013). This circulation of illegal migrants enables the companies to maximise their profits and allows politicians to utilise the figures from arrests and illegal migrants entering the country to justify the increased levels of policing on the border (Norrell, 2007).ConclusionLooking at the history of policing on the US-Mexico border there have been notable changes since the war on terror began. Correa (2013) notes there has be en a level of racial anxiety around the border since the 1920s (resulting from the guileless use/ definition of a border as keeping the enemy out), which has now culminated in the border existing in a permanent state of racial emergency (Michaelsen, 2005 89). The war on terrors main impact was the subsequent creation of the quasi- military DHS who facilitated the rapid militarisation of regions around the border, much to the detriment of the regions nature and human population. Alongside this, it has legitimised groups such as The Minutemen who patrol the border stopping illegal immigrants attempting to cross (Marinucci and Martin, 2005). Considering there are high profile politicians such as John McCain boasting of making the US-Mexico border into the most militarized border since the fall of the Berlin Wall, (McCain, 2013), it appears there will be no fall in the levels of border policing. For any change to occur, the socio-historical construction of the US Mexico border as a vio lent and threatening area must subside (Correa, 2013).BibliographyAccenture. (2004). US DHS to develop and implement US VISIT program at air, land and sea ports of. Retrieved March 4, 2014, from Accenture.Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing Borders internationalist Migration and National Security. International Security, 31(1), 165-199.Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer self-governing Power and Bare Life. (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.) Meridian.Agamben, G. (2000). Means Without End Notes of Politics. (V. Binetti, C. Casarino, Trans.) University of Minnesota Press.Agamben, G. (2004). No To Bio-Political Tattooing. Paris Le Monde Diplomatique.Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. (K. Attell, Trans.) Chicago University of Chicago Press.Amoore, L. (2006). Biometric borders Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography, 336-351.Andreas, P. (2003). Re-Drawing the Line, Borders and Security in the 21st Century. International Security, 28(2), 78-111.Bartholemew, W. (2008). South T exas groups sue DHS to restore environmental laws along the border. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from Sierra Club Lone Star http//www.texas.sierraclub.org/ press/ intelligencereleases/20080530.aspBenett, W. (2005, December 30). Hunter touts 700-mile border fence. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from North County Times http//www.nctimes.com/news/ denomination_aaec1e24-c6bd-549e-bcc1-a8ffe647148f.htmlBigo, D. (2002). Security and Immigration Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease. 27, 63-92.Bush, G. W. (2001, September 20). Address to a control stick session of Congress and the American people. Office of the Press Secretary. Washington DC.Butler, J. (2004). Precarious Life The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London New York Press.Coleman, M. (2007). Immigration geopolitics beyond the US. Antipode, 39(1), 54-76.Correa, J. G. (2013). afterwards 9/11 everything changed Re-formations of state violence in everyday life on the US-Mexico border. Cultural Dynamics, 25(1), 99-119.Dwosk in, E. (2013, March 13). Sealing the U.S. Border Would Cost an Additional $28 Billion a Year. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from Bloomberg Business Week http//www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-13/the-price-tag-for-sealing-the-u-dot-s-dot-border-isnt-prettyEaton, T. (2010, March 18). Texas senators ask Obama to help prevent border violence Cornyn, Hutchisonwant Obama to meet them at U.S.-Mexico border. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from Austin American-Statesman http//www.statesman.com/news/texas/texas-senators-ask-obama-to-help-pre-vent-border-383990.htmlEditorial. (2008, April 3). Michael Chertoffs Insult. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from New York Times.Foucault, M. (1976). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1).Gaskill, M. (2011, August 2). United States border fence threatens wildlife. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Nature http//www.nature.com/news/2011/110802/full/news.2011.452.htmlHaddal, C., Kim, Y., Garcia, M. (2009, March). Border security barriers along the U.S. international bor der. Congressional Research Service report for Congress. RL 33659.Home Office, U. B. (2013). Enrolling Your Biometric Information. Retrieved January 25, 2014, from Home Office, UK Border Agency http//www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/visas-immigration/studying/adult-students/applying-inside-uk/biometric/Inda, J. (2006). Border prophylaxis technology, illegality and the government of immigration. Cultural Dynamics, 18(2), 115-138.Kestelyn, J. (2002). For want of a nail. Intelligent Enterprise, 5(7), 8.Marinucci, C., Martin, M. (2005, April 29). Governor endorses Minutemen on border / He parts with Bush on armed volunteers stopping illegal immigrants in Arizona. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from San Francisco Chronicle http//www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Governor-endorses-Minutemen-on-border-He-parts-2685866.phpMearsheimer, J. J. (1990). Back to the Future Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.Michaelsen, S. (2005). Between Japanese American internm ent and the USA Patriot Act the bor-derlands and the permanent state of racial exception. A Journal of Chicano Studies, 30(2), 87-111.Nail, T. (2013). The Crossroads of Power Michel Foucault and the US/Mexico Border Wall. Foucault Studies, 15, 110-128.Norrell, B. (2007, August 25). Privatizing Misery, Deporting and Imprisoning Migrants for Profit The Hidden Agenda . Retrieved March 2, 2014, from The Narco intelligence agency www.narconews.com/Issue46/article2769.htmlOffice, U. G. (2009). Technology Deployment Delays Persist and the Impact of Border . US Government Accountability Office.Pellegrini, F. (2001, September 28). TIME/CNN Poll Americans Give Bush a Big Thumbs-Up. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from Time U.S. http//content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176815,00.htmlRana, J., Rosas, G. (2006). Managing Crisis Post 9/11 Policing and Empire. Cultural Dynamics, 18(219), 218-234.Salter, M. (2004). Passports, Mobility, and Security How Smart Can the Border Be? Policy in In ternational Studies, 5(1), 71-91.Schildkraut, D. (2002, September). The More Things Change American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11. Political Psychology, 23(3), 511-535.UK Border Agency. (2013). Retrieved March 4, 2014, from Enrolling your Biometric Information http//www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/visas-immigration/working/tier2/ministerofreligion/applying/biometric/Zizek, S. (2002). Welcome to the Desert of the trustworthy Five Essays on 11 September and Related Dates. London and New York Verso.Zizek, S. (2004). Iraq The Borrowed Kettle. London and New York Verso.1

Searles Speech Acts An Analysis

Searles Speech Acts An AnalysisDiscuss Searles Speech Acts (include Felicity Conditions and Performatives)Searle took a philosophy of lecture approach to speech exercises in an attempt to introduce philosophically illumination description of general features of language He aimed to answer various question in his approach What is the difference between saying something and means it? How does the hearer understand what is meant? (Searle,1969). The term speech encounters is used to define an utterance that has performative function in language and communication (Searle 1969) and was originally used by his wise domain J.L. Austin in his theory of lectionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Drawing on these linguistic practices of Austin, Searle used his framework to base his own thesis that talking is performing acts according to rules. In the next sections I shall refer to Searles main scope of speech acts in terms of linguistic categorization and a rule-governed language .When it comes to explaining speech acts Searle suggests three divergent concepts rules, prepositions and meaning. He was dissevericularly interested in the illocutionary act of promising performatives and so set out to describe these concepts based on the measure ups of this performance of promising. As part of his theory of a rule-governed language Searle made a distinction between regulative and constitutive rules. In his book An essay of philosophy of language he introduces that regulative rules regulate independently existing forms of behaviour but constitutive rules do not merely regulate, they create or define novel form of behaviour (Searle,1969). For example, take the rules of American football the touchdown rule is constitutive versus the no taunting rule which is regulative. A second concept, prepositions, provide the content of the illocutionary act which can be used in different types of acts. For example, Lucy will you sit down Lucy, sit would you sit down Lucy? a ll provide the same prepositional content even though they are different forms of illocutionary acts. In terms of meaning, Searle revised the ideas of Grice and proposed modification in insisting that not further is meaning root in the speakers intentions but also by a matter of convention (Searle,1969). Based on his ideas one can say that the speaker initially intends for the hearer to recognize his/her intention to produce that lectionary affect and secondly, he/she intends that this is indicated by the hearers understanding of the meaning words used in the context. These intentions can only act conjointly with conventions of words for affective communication (Elswyk,2014).The notion of promising is an action referred to as a performative. Searles theory of performatives is that some illocutionary acts can be performed by uttering a doom containing an expression that names the type of speech act these are called performative utterances. He insisted on the importance of distingui shing between different kinds of performatives utterances, verbs and sentences. For Searle, performatives can be used in different ways, one can use it to assert or make a declaration.For a speech act to achieve its purpose the correct conditions moldiness be in place, these conditions are called felicity conditions. Thus, a sentence must be grammatical and felicitous to be performed correctly. Originally a concept by Austin, there are 3 types of felicity conditions preparatory conditions, a sincerity condition and a fulfilment condition. Searle later refined this changing the fulfilment condition to essential condition and introduced a fourth condition called the propositional content condition. Consider this example I jokingly say to friends I know pronounce you man and wife I have not actually married them because I do not have the authority to these words to have the correct illocutionary tug thus the speech act fails. The felicity conditions of marrying couples rely on the leg al position of the speaker (Hogan, 2000).Searle offered characterizations of linguistic elements in attempt to give a unclutter depiction of the difference between one illocutionary force and another. There had been previous attempts by Austin to distinguish between such elements in which he established five basic acts Verdictives, exercitives, commissives, expositives, behavitives. Searle ultimately believed that the taxonomy needs to be seriously revised because it contains several weaknesses. One major weakness being that Austin did not rig a clear principle or set of principles on which the taxonomy was based upon and thus there was overlap between categories (Searle,1976). Therefore, a unused list of new categories he regarded as the basics of illocutionary acts were formed. Firstly (1) declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional arouse of affairs, I swear (2) expressives which express a psychological state and how the speaker feels, e.g. congratulatin g (3) commissives which is an act of getting the speaker to do something you require, e.g. threatening or promising (4) directives which are attempt to get the addressee to do something, e.g. demanding. Finally (5) assertives which represent the state of the situation, e.g. describing (Searle,1972).To summarise, Searles philosophic approach to speech acts proposes that speaking a language is a behaviour determined by constitutive rules. He further implies that one performs an illocutionary act by promising, directing and questioning and perlocutionary acts are affective if it has the correct effect on the hearer. These acts are governed by linguistic concepts and rules and successful communication can only occur if these are in place. Searle develops Austins ideas in a way that provides a clearer and in depth understanding of different kinds of speech acts and the role they play in speaking.

The Religion of Money in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Essay

The Religion of Money in The Great Gatsby Near the beginning of George Bernard Shaws study Barbara, Mr. Undershaft exclaims in retort of anothers question, well, I am a millionaire, and that is my religion (Shaw 103). Many people look toward the heavens in search of the power to enable them to operate in the world. Others, like Shaws Mr. Undershaft, look toward more earthly subjects to obtain their power and symbolize their status. Often these subjects, such as money, wealth, or physical beauty and ability, pass along their owners an overbearing sense of power and ability in only of that they do. Some people become so obsessed with their materialistic power that it becomes their religion and leads them in alwaysything that they do. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, the constituent of Tom Buchanan is introduced and portrayed as someone who has allowed his physical abilities, money, and wealth, become his religion and lead him in his actions, perceived thoughts and belie fs, and speech. Nick, the first psyche narrator of The Great Gatsby, introduces Tom as a national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute modified excellence at twenty-one that everything afterwards savours of anti-climax (Fitzgerald 10). In college at New Haven, Tom relied on his physical abilities, as one of the most powerful ends that ever played football (Fitzgerald 10), as well as inherited wealth to give him the power and prestige to be perceived as better than the best. In the beginning of his college career, as Nick seems to suggest, it was this supreme physical ability on the football field that allowed Tom to have supreme reign over all off the field. But, after college, the football legacy ended, and with it, Tom... ...lected to make a short deft movement that broke her nose with his open hand (Fitzgerald 41) rather than provide that the other party could do something without his explicit permission. From his first introduction early in the first chapter of The Great Gatsby to the end of the second, Tom strives to constantly remind everyone about him of his power through his actions, thoughts, and speech. Like royal subjects loyal to their king, he believes that everyone is under him and should respect and obey his every wish. Through the mastery of Fitzgeralds poetic hand, a character has been created to which wealth has become a religion and god has become a personification of himself. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Scribner-Simon, 1992. Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion and Major Barbara. New York Bantom Books, 1992.

The Confusing Writing Style of John Berryman’s Dream Songs :: Dream Songs

The Confusing Writing Style of John Berrymans ambition SongsJohn Berryman presents an interesting and somewhat confusing sort of stories in his first twenty-six Dream Songs. The six line stanzas seem to reveal the dreams that Berryman has. The poems are written with poor grammar and have a very haphazard frost scheme. They perplexed me greatly reading through them, as they seemingly have no order or plot. Beginning with the rhyme scheme of The Dream Songs, Berryman seems to follow no specific order. In the 8th song, Berryman uses the pattern abcabc, but in the 11th song he uses abccda throughout the three six-line stanzas. In many of the other sections he does not follow one pattern through all three stanzas. Also in some of them it seems as though he uses slant rhyme, using words that do not exactly rhyme but have strongly related sounds. One font of this slant rhyme occurs in the 5th song while the brainfever bird did scales / Mr Heartbreak, the New Man, /come to farm a crazy l and/ an image of the dead on the fingernail (7). With this example scales and fingernail and man and land present words that do not completely rhyme. Berrymans random use of rhyme scheme correlates to the randomness of the entire determine of the first section of his dream songs.The language that Berryman writes with in The Dream Songs also serves to complicate the work. He goes back and forth in using African American slang language and inverted English. He writes The enemy are sick, / and so is us of, Often rising trysts, / like this one, drove he out (12). This pronounce makes no sense grammatically and presents quite a challenge for the reader to paraphrase. Berryman also throws in an occasional phrase in another language, as he does in the 12th song Tes yeux bizarres me suivent (14). This example just provides one to a greater extent way in which Berryman makes his writing difficult to get through and even more difficult to understand.

What Is Astrology :: essays research papers

What Is star divinationAstrology is the study of planetary influences and their need on the world andeverything in it. Astrology is usually limited to human beings--their spirit,and their affairs, although a chart can be drawn up for just about any event.The horoscope is a blue chump or pattern of the solar system cast for aparticular moment of time. It is from this that the astrologer bases theinterpretation or delineation as indicated by the nature of the sun, moon, andplanets.The natal horoscope is a chart drawn at the moment of birth to see andunderstand the nature and makeup of the nous of the newborn as it takes hearth in the physical vehicle or body. The human soul is a focal point ofcosmic energy, and the pattern of the heavens, as charted in the horoscope, isthe means the soul comes to know itself and its destiny.Astrology points the way to soul development and growth. The souls strengthsand weaknesses be noted in the horoscope. Life is an opportunity given to soulfor further enhancement.Because the heavens are in constant motion, and because this motion is quiteordered and exact, it is possible to project the positions of the sun, moon, andplanets for any given time. Astrologers use this information to draw-up ahoroscope and forecast the "influences" that will affect the soul at that time.Astrologers usually do not predict actual events in the future. They can onlysay what might happen, or could happen, but not what will happen--much like aweather forecast although many psychics do make predictions, and astrology isthe tool they use to focus their abilities.Another common frolic of astrology is the comparison of birth charts toascertain the compatibility of two people. This is a straightforward method usedby over-laying one chart upon the other. The aspects or angles formed by theplanets are then analyzed to determine how the energy fields of each personblend together.